21:510:201,202 History of Western Civilization (3,3) The main developments in the history of ideas and institutions from earliest times to the present; consideration of historical material serves as a point of departure for discussion of present-day problems.

21:510:207 History of Colonial Latin America (3)

Survey of the encounter between indigenous and Iberian peoples in Latin America, from conquest and colonization to the wars of independence. Among the topics considered are the moral implications of the encounter, the histories of race and ethnicity, the development of colonial economic and political institutions, and the eventual breakdown of imperial order.

21:510:208 History of Modern Latin America (3)

Survey of the history of the nations of Latin America from the wars of independence to the present. Among the topics considered are the nature and consequences of the independence movements, the creation of new political and economic institutions, the development of postcolonial relationships between formerly colonized peoples and their former colonizers, and the implications of the past since independence for the problems of contemporary Latin America.

21:510:209 History of the Caribbean (3) Caribbean history from the colonial period to the present; the development of a sugar economy; the competition among foreign powers for control; 19th-century struggles for independence; and contemporary social upheavals.

21:510:226,227 Topics in History (3,3)

21:510:240 Women in European History (3) Changes in women's economic, social, and legal positions from classical times to the present; women and the family; women and the Industrial Revolution; witchcraft; women in politics, war, and revolution; women under socialism and fascism; women and sexuality; and the development of the modern feminist movement.

21:510:255 Ancient Greek Civilization (3) This interdisciplinary course studies the cultural heritage of the ancient Greek world through its literature, art, and archaeology. Includes a brief historical survey of the period in question, as well as sections devoted to particular historical topics (like democracy, intellectual development, colonization, and movement from city to nation-statehood). Readings from ancient sources in translation include Homer, Sophocles, Aeschylus, Euripides, Aristophanes, Plato, and Aristotle.

21:510:256 Roman Civilization (3) Examines the Roman world through an interdisciplinary study of its history, literature, and art and archaeology. Topics covered will include: imperialism, patron-client relationships, Roman law, blood sport, and the evolution of Rome from pagan to Christian civilization. Readings from ancient sources in translation include Roman comedy, Virgil, Seneca, and samples of early Christian writings.

21:510:257 Greco-Roman Myth and Religion (3) Survey of Greek and Roman mythology and religion, including the individual myths and their literary, historical, social, and religious significance; Greek and Roman religious practices and how they reflect the cultural context of the time; representations of myths in painting, inscriptions, and sculpture; and the relationships between mythology, ritual, and society.

21:510:263,264 History of Africa (3,3) Political, religious, economic, and social development of the peoples of Africa south of the Sahara from about 500 AD to the present.

21:510:280 South Asian History I (3) Introduction to the history of the Indian subcontinent from prehistoric times to the Europeans' colonial conquest. Focus on diverse political, socioeconomic, and cultural developments across South Asia, especially religious philosophies, social, gender, and legal structures. Texts and readings will draw upon recent secondary research as well as historical and literary primary source materials.

21:510:281 South Asian History II (3) Introduction to the history of the Indian subcontinent since 1750. Focus on the diverse political, socioeconomic, and cultural developments in the ancient and medieval history of the region, which comprises today the countries of India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh.

21:510:284 South Asian Religions (3) This course surveys numerous Indian religious traditions, including Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Islam, and Sikhism. Throughout, students will read selections from theological texts, epics, and literature that have permeated many aspects of daily religious life in India. We will also emphasize ritual activities, visual experiences in temples, and networks of pilgrimage places that dot the subcontinent. We will often pair primary sources (in translation) with later interpretations and impacts of those texts in modern South Asia. We will also investigate modern incarnations of Indian religious traditions throughout South Asia and the diaspora. By the conclusion of this course, students will be conversant with the texts, beliefs, and practices of the major Indian religions in multiple cultural and historical contexts and also have a working knowledge of basic categories and approaches in the study of religion and cultural traditions more broadly.

21:510:285 History of Hinduism (3) In this course, we analyze the development of Hindu traditions from 3,500 years ago up to the present day, emphasizing the diverse forms of Hinduism in different times and places. We begin by considering the notably recent category of Hinduism and identify key concepts that will guide our study. We will read selections from a range of theological texts, epics, and stories of the gods that have permeated many aspects of daily Hindu life. We will also emphasize ritual activities, the importance of visual experiences in temples, and networks of pilgrimage places that dot the subcontinent. Last, we will survey the many modern incarnations of Hinduism throughout South Asia and the diaspora. By the conclusion of this course, students will be conversant in the major texts, beliefs, and practices of Hindu traditions in their cultural and historical contexts and also have a working knowledge of basic categories important for the study of religion more broadly.

21:510:286 The Ancient Near East (3) General survey of the history of the ancient Near East from the first appearance of civilization in the fertile crescent to the unification of the Near East in the Persian Empire. Covers the political, social, economic, religious, cultural, and intellectual development of the primary civilizations of Mesopotamia and Egypt, as well as the later city-states and empires.

21:510:287,288 History of Islamic Civilization (3,3) The history, culture, and institutions of the Islamic world, from the age of the prophet Muhammad to the present. First semester: evolution of classical Islamic civilization in its Near and Middle Eastern heartland. Second semester: the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal empires; Islam in central, east, and southeast Asia; traditional Islamic society; and the problems of colonialism, imperialism, and modernization.

21:510:297,298 History of East Asia (3,3) Major developments in Far Eastern history, particularly in China and Japan, from early times to the present; cultural, economic, and political aspects and contemporary problems.

21:510:301 Film and History (3) Examines the relationship between movies and history, focusing mainly on feature films. The course seeks less to list the films' inaccuracies than to identify and analyze how and why they mythologize the past. By learning to spot films' ideologies, assumptions, strategies, and visions of the past, one can identify the historical evolution of modern societies' dominant mythologies, values, and beliefs.

21:510:302 History of Democracy (3) This course examines the history of democracy from its origins in ancient Greece through its development in Europe and the United States from the eighteenth century to recent times. Students will develop skills in areas such as critical thinking, writing, oral communication, and reading comprehension and retention.

21:510:305 Ancient Sport: Olympians to Gladiators (3) Ancient forms of athletic contest and competition are examined. Includes Greek games held during the Olympic festival and other occasions; chariot racing and circus contests in Greece and Rome; and Roman blood sport (including animal fights and gladiatorial contests). Examines both the archaeological and literary evidence for such events, as well as the impact such competitions have had on our modern perceptions of sport and athletic competition.

21:510:306 The Greek and Roman Cities (3) Provides an urban history of ancient Greek and Roman cities from the earliest period to late antiquity. Emphasis will fall upon Athens and Rome. The course will focus on the archaeological remains; ancient concepts of community and town organization; classical architecture within the context of topographical limitations of the city; religious architecture; the impact of the ancient urban experience; and the practicalities of ancient urban centers (sanitation, water supply, policing, defense, and traffic). Prerequisite: 21:510:201 or permission of instructor.

21:510:311 Latin America and the United States (3) The historical relationship between Latin America and the United States, including political, social, economic, and cultural ties. Examines those ties from both Latin American and U.S. perspectives and shows how hemispheric relations affect not only governments but also national, regional, and local communities. Topics include U.S. imperialism in the late 19th century; Latin American and U.S. images of their neighbors; the effects of the cold war on hemispheric politics; and the history of Latin American immigration to the United States.

21:510:312 Democracy and Rebellion in Modern Latin America (3) History of democracy, rebellion, and citizenship in Latin America from the early 19th century to the present. Topics include the transformation of colonial societies into liberal republican democracies, new citizens' relationships to new states, and the effects of changes in those states on the terms of citizenship over two centuries. Focuses on the meaning of democracy and the ways in which it sometimes breaks down, either peacefully or in armed rebellion. Concludes with a look at the recent trend toward democratization.

21:510:313 Cinema and Society in the Twentieth Century (3) This course uses cinema to examine the history of the twentieth century in the USA and Europe. It looks at how films interpreted events and trends of their time; it also analyzes the history of the film industry from its birth through the end of the twentieth century; and it examines major stylistic developments. The course develops skills of critical thinking, reading comprehension and retention, and analysis.

21:510:314 Film and Colonialism (3) The course examines fiction films about the European and American colonial empires in places such as India, East Asia, Africa, the Middle East, the South Seas, and the American West. Through analyzing films and readings, students will consider how films either supported or criticized colonialism and how western attitudes toward colonialism evolved in the 20th century.

21:510:315,316 Perspectives in History (3) Writing-intensive courses are required for history majors, to be taken before the Seminar-Research (510:490), but are also open to other students. The courses focus both on specific historical topics and on training students how to handle a wide range of different primary source texts. They are designed to teach students superior analytical skills by emphasizing how to evaluate and interpret primary source evidence, and in this way to help prepare history majors for writing the seminar research paper.
Prerequisite: English Composition.

21:510:319 Ancient Greek History (3) The origins and development of the Greek civilization as it developed in Southern Europe, North Africa, and Asia. Special attention will be paid to the development of Greek political systems, especially Athenian democracy; social, cultural, and intellectual developments of the Greek world (slavery, sexuality, and the emergence of philosophy and science); Spartan society and militarism; treatment of non-Greek people; and the conquests and achievements of Alexander the Great. Readings from ancient sources in translation include Hesiod, Herodotus, Thucydides, Aristotle, Plato, and Plutarch.

21:510:320 Roman History (3) The origins and history of the Roman people from their emergence in the early Iron Age to the beginnings of the Byzantine empire. Special attention will be paid to the political and military history of the Romans; social and cultural aspects of Roman society (slavery, sexuality, imperialism, absorption of non-Roman people, and blood sports); the emergence of Christianity; and the conquest and romanization of Europe and the Mediterranean world. Readings from ancient sources include Livy, Plutarch, Suetonius, Tacitus, and Ammianus Marcellinus.

21:510:325 History of Mexico and Central America (3) Historical development of Mexico and Central America from the pre-Columbian civilizations to the present. Contemporary issues affecting the region.

21:510:327,328 Civilization of the Middle Ages (3,3) Western Europe from the barbarian invasions to the close of the 13th century; the structure of society and its economic organization. Readings provide a basis for the study of feudalism, agrarian life, and the rise of the towns; religious developments and conflicts; church-state relationships; the Crusades; the rise of feudal monarchies; and cultural achievements.

21:510:331,332 British History (3,3) British history from the Roman occupation to the present; emphasis on the interrelationship between constitutional and social developments. First semester: medieval England and the Tudor-Stuart period. Second semester: changes in politics and society resulting from the Industrial Revolution.

21:510:337 The History of Iran (3) History of Iran from ancient times to the present; the forces that have shaped modern Iran.

21:510:338 The Ottoman Empire (3) History of the Ottoman state from its origins as a Ghazi state (13th century) to its collapse in the 20th century; the Ottoman impact, politically and culturally, on the peoples of eastern Europe.

21:510:339 The West, Islam, and the Middle East (3) The historical relationship between Europe/the West and the Islamic world of the Middle East and nearby regions from the advent of Islam to today. Topics include the Crusades; conflict and coexistence in medieval Spain; relations between Europe and the Ottoman Empire; European colonization of North Africa and the Middle East; wars and crises of decolonization; post-1945 U.S. policy in Iran, Israel/Palestine, and the Persian Gulf; Muslim immigration in contemporary Europe; and the "War on Terror." The course examines the perspectives of various participants and observers to analyze patterns in the behavior of those involved and their perceptions of each other.

21:510:343,344 Early Modern Europe (3,3) Europe from the beginning of the modern period through the scientific revolution in the 1600s, addressing political, cultural, intellectual, social, economic, and religious history. First semester: topics include the Renaissance, the Age of Exploration, new intellectual outlooks, the formation of national states and monarchies; and the lives and mentalities of peasants, artisans, and the poor. Second semester: Protestant Reformation, Catholic Counter-Reformation, Wars of Religion, Absolutism, and the scientific revolution.

21:510:351,352 History of France (3,3) First semester: survey of French history from the late Middle Ages through the French Revolution. Second semester: French history from 1815 to the present. Emphasizes ideas, politics, culture, and the development of national cohesion and identity.

21:510:353,354 Modern China (3,3) Evolution of the Chinese nation from the Opium War to the establishment of the People's Republic; problems arising out of rebellion, reform, and revolution discussed in connection with modernization and acculturation.

21:510:355 Traditional China: Institutions and Society (3) Chinese history from the Shang to the Ming dynasties (1766 BC-1643 AD); patterns of social change and social mobility; feudalism; dynastic cycles; modernization; and Oriental despotism.

21:510:356 History of the People's Republic of China (3) The revolutionary experience of the Chinese people; the efforts of the Chinese Communists to modernize the nation; and the processes and problems of adapting to a Communist system.

21:510:357 Nineteenth-Century Europe (3) Covers the period from ca. 1815 to 1914. Topics include nationalism; the Industrial Revolution; revolutions of 1830 and 1848; formation of Italy and Germany; rise of working-class movements; Marxism; imperialism; Darwinism and social Darwinism; relations between church and state; women's movements; trends in culture and daily life.

21:510:358 Twentieth-Century Europe (3) Europe since 1914. Topics include origins, nature, and consequences of World War I and the Russian Revolution; interwar culture and society; the Great Depression; Fascism and Nazism; the Spanish Civil War; the origins, nature, and consequences of World War II; the Holocaust; the Marshall Plan and the cold war; origins and development of the European Union; East European Communism; West European welfare states and consumerism; women's movements; postwar culture and leisure; youth movements of the 1960s; fall of Communism.

21:510:360 Core Topics in Non-U.S. History (3) Course ranging in various topics in non-U.S. History.

21:510:361 The Modern Middle East (3) Introduction to the modern Near and Middle East. Review of the formation of classical Islamic civilization in the region. Political, economic, social, and ethnic problems resulting from Western influences and the dismemberment of the Ottoman Empire. Modern Iranian development and the creation of Israel.

21:510:362 Capitalism and Socialism (3) The history of Western economic systems and ideologies from the origins of capitalism in early modern Europe through the rise of socialism in the 19th century and social democracy in the 20th. Topics include the agricultural and industrial revolutions; liberal ideologies and policies of the 19th century; Marxism and socialist thought; the Soviet model; the Great Depression; growth of the welfare state after World War II; and the problem of underdevelopment.

21:510:365 Islam, Africa, and the Contemporary World (3) Islam's historical and contemporary impact on African societies, life, and lore. The effects on African worldviews; religious practices (including ancestral veneration, magic, sorcery, and other paranormal phenomena); social dynamics (birth, marriage, death, and property inheritance); and political thought and practice. How African members of the world community of Islam relate to global trends.

21:510:367,368 History of Russia and the Soviet Union (3,3) First semester: Russian politics and civilization from the founding of Kiev to 1864. Second semester: the history of Russia from 1865 to the present time, with the emphasis on Soviet affairs.

21:510:374 History of Spain to 1700 (3) The history of Spain from the Middle Ages to 1700. Muslim conquest; interactions among Muslims, Christians, and Jews; Christian reconquest; formation of a Spanish state; advent of overseas empire; role of the church.

21:510:375 History of Spain 1700 to Present (3) The history of Spain from 1700 to the present. Enlightenment reforms; Napoleonic wars and popular revolt; Basque and Catalan movements; economic development and modernization; rise of anarchism and socialism; Spanish Civil War; Franco regime; democracy since 1975.

21:510:377 Portugal and Its Empire (3) The history of Portugal and its overseas empire from the 14th century to the present, examining the country's politics, economics, and culture, as well as its global expansion and relations with colonies, particularly Brazil.

21:510:378 Colonialism to 1825 (3) European colonialism from the 15th century through the early 19th century, emphasizing the empires of Portugal, Spain, Britain, and France in the Americas and Asia. Topics include motives for colonial expansion; justifications for conquest and rule; reasons for European power; colonial economies; methods of controlling colonies; slavery and abolitionism; mutual perceptions of colonizer and colonized; opposition to colonialism; independence in British, Spanish, and Portuguese America.

21:510:379 Colonialism and Decolonization (3) The final century of colonialism, focusing on imperialist thought and justifications for empire, mutual perceptions of colonizers and colonized, and the growth of anti-imperialism.

21:510:385,386 A History of Southern Africa (3,3) History of southern Africa from 1000 AD to the present; precolonial African societies; European colonization; European impact; industrial development; the Zulu and Boer Wars; the evolution of apartheid; the African nationalist movements.

21:510:390 Gender and Caste in South Asian History (3)

Introduction to themes of gender and social structure in the history of the Indian subcontinent. Focus on conceptions of gender, gender relations, and the experiences of women in particular. Introduction to the concept of caste as a social system, its changing practice through the ages, and its importance in politics and culture.

21:510:391,392 The History of Germany (3,3) Germany from the 18th century to the present. First semester: the rise of Prussia, the impact of the French Revolution and the Empire, the growth of nationalism and liberalism, the Revolution of 1848, and unification. Second semester: internal developments, foreign policy, and intellectual movements after 1871; examines Germany in the First World War, the Weimar Republic, the rise of Nazism, the drive for European domination in the Second World War, and the postwar era.

21:510:396,397 Honors Program in Non-American History (3,3) Research and writing for candidates for honors in history.

21:510:401 Topics in European History (3) Prerequisites: 21:510:201,202, or permission of instructor.

21:510:403 Topics in Social History (3) Prerequisites: 21:510:201,202, or permission of instructor.

21:510:404 Topics in Intellectual History (3) Prerequisites: 21:510:201,202, or permission of instructor.

21:510:405,407 Topics in Ancient History (3,3) Prerequisites: 21:510:201,202, or permission of instructor.

21:510:406 Topics in Medieval Civilization (3) Prerequisites: 21:510:201,202, or permission of instructor.

21:510:431,432 Topics in Africa in the 19th and 20th Centuries (3,3) Prerequisites: 21:510:201,202, or 263,264, or permission of instructor.

21:510:433 Topics in Islamic History (3) Prerequisites: 21:510:201,202, or permission of instructor.

21:510:435 Topics in Medieval and Early Modern History (3) Prerequisites: 21:510:201,202, or permission of instructor.

21:510:441,442 Topics in Latin American and Caribbean History (3,3) Prerequisites: 21:510:201,202, or permission of instructor.

21:510:449,450 Topics in Asian, Chinese, and Far Eastern History (3,3) Prerequisites: 21:510:201,202, or permission of instructor.

21:510:451,452 Topics in the History of Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union (3,3) Prerequisites: 21:510:201,202, or permission of instructor.

21:510:458 Topics in Women's History (3) Prerequisites: 21:510:201,202, or permission of instructor.

21:510:460,461 Topics in Comparative History (3,3) Prerequisites: 21:510:201,202, or permission of instructor.

21:510:462,463 Topics in Transnational History (3,3) Prerequisites: 21:510:201,202, or permission of instructor.

21:510:479,480 Readings in Non-American History (3,3) Designed for the history major who desires to undertake extensive reading in a particular historical area, selected in close consultation with a member of the department. Only one reading course may be taken per semester, and no more than 9 credits in reading courses may be applied toward the history major. Prerequisites: Written permission of department chair and instructor. Limited to students whose grade-point average within the department is 2.0 or higher.

21:510:490 Seminar-Research (3)

The Seminar-Research is required for history majors, but is also open to other students by permission of the department. These one-semester seminars allow students to apply the skills they learn in the history major to topics of current and pressing interest. While topics for the courses vary, they place an emphasis on researching the community: in these small classes, students research topics relating to Newark history, its diverse populations, the region's development, and social justice and community activism more generally. With close guidance from instructors, students explore local archives, design a paper topic of their interest, and write a research paper.

Prerequisites: Junior or senior standing. English Composition. Prior writing-intensive course. History majors are encouraged to take Perspectives in History (510:315,316), as a writing-intensive course, before taking the Seminar-Research.

21:510:491 Honors Program in Non-American History (3) Research and writing for candidates for honors in history.

21:510:499 Individual Study in Historical Research (BA) Historical research on a more systematic level than is normally possible in lecture courses. Prerequisites: Permission of department chair and instructor.