01:070:100 Introduction to Anthropology (3) Central approaches, concepts, and methods of anthropology's four subfields: archaeology and biological, cultural and linguistic anthropology. Anthropology as comparative study of human physical and cultural diversity, past and present. Provides background for students seeking a firm foundation in the discipline before moving on to higher-level courses. Does not count towards the major or minor in anthropology.

01:070:101 Introduction to Cultural Anthropology (4) History of cultural anthropology; changing theoretical and methodological approaches; fieldwork, ethnographic writing, and the culture concept; cross-cultural analyses and comparisons; complex society; local, regional, and global perspectives.

01:070:102 Introduction to Human Evolution (4) Evolutionary processes, including adaptation and speciation; fossil and archaeological records of human morphological and social-behavioral evolution.

01:070:104 Introduction to Human Evolution Honors Laboratory (1) Laboratory honors course to accompany 01:070:102. Topics include lab and field methodologies in physical anthropology, human fossil record, primate evolution, human evolutionary biology, and evolutionary theory. Prerequisite: Students must have a grade-point average of 3.4 or better or permission of instructor to enroll. Corequisite: 01:070:102.

01:070:105 Introduction to Archaeology (4) Overview of human prehistory over the past 5 million years, from origins in Africa to the spread of people first to Asia and Europe, and later to Australia and the Americas, culminating in the archaeology of colonial contact between Europe and distant lands.

01:070:108 Introduction to Linguistic Anthropology (4) Language as a social action; language and culture; language use in specific sociocultural contexts.

01:070:111 Extinction (4) An interdisciplinary approach to understanding the idea and the reality of the extinction process. Extinction as a challenge of the 21st century. Topics include extinctions of fossil hominins, cultures, religions and ethnic groups, language, and endangered species; and the possible extinction of our own species.

01:070:206 Survey of New World Prehistory (3) Focus on the major cultural traditions and adaptations from the earliest appearance of humans in the Americas through the colonial period. Prerequisite: 01:070:105.

01:070:207 Survey of Old World Prehistory (3) Focus on the major cultural traditions and adaptations from the earliest appearance of the human lineage to the establishment of literate complex societies and early civilizations. Prerequisite: 01:070:105.

01:070:208 Survey of Historical Archaeology (3) Introduction to the archaeology of historic times; the interpretation�of the past using both archaeological residues and written documents. Emphasis on Africa, Britain, and North America. Prerequisite: 01:070:105.

01:070:210 Approaches to Human Nature (3) Critique of the "cultural relativist" and "cultural constructionist" positions through a consideration of the literature on cultural universals, human ethology and sociobiology, small groups, and play.

01:070:212 The Life of Primates (3) Introduction to the biology of monkeys, apes, and other primates, covering features of anatomy, ecology, and especially social behavior, communication, and thinking.

01:070:213 Environment and Human Evolution (3) Analysis of influence of environment on evolution in record of human ancestry. Morphological and physiological adaptations of humans in reaction to environmental controls.

01:070:215 Survey of Fossil Primates (3) Outline of primate evolution; origin of primates and primate relatives; description and paleoecology of fossil species, including Paleocene and Eocene species, Malagasy lemurs, first higher primates, New World and Old World monkeys, and Miocene apes; hominid origins.

01:070:216 Anthropology and Contemporary Issues (3) Cross-cultural perspectives on contemporary issues such as urban poverty, international migration, health epidemics, and human rights.� Interconnections of� social problems in contemporary global world.

01:070:217 Psychology and Culture (3) Influence of culture on mind and of mind on culture. Relationship of the individual to culture and of personal experience to collective meaning. Topics include religious experience and altered states of consciousness; cultural basis of emotions, the senses, and psychosomatic and mental illnesses; relationship of selfhood and identity to nationhood and citizenship.� Prerequisite: 01:070:101 or permission of instructor.

01:070:220 Food and Culture (3) Culinary customs studied cross-culturally. Food in relation to sex, kinship, politics, economics, and religion. Visual, olfactory, textural, and gastronomic food preferences. Values and nutrition. World nutritional systems.

01:070:222 Sexuality and Eroticism in Global Perspective (3) Exploration of sexual diversity, meanings, and cultures in a variety of ethnographic contexts and impact of global processes on them; sexuality as key dimension of difference in the United States and diverse societies around the world.

01:070:223 Anthropology of Latin America (3) Overview of the diverse societies of Latin America from an anthropological perspective.� Explores cultural, economic, political, and religious aspects of life in the region; urbanization and urban life; migration and transnationalism; indigenous peoples and their role in recent political transformations in the region; the war on drugs.

01:070:225 Gender in Global Perspective (3) Introductory exploration of the role of gender in organizing social relations and symbolic systems across the globe. Draws on comparative ethnographic readings to examine issues of gender and inequality, family, religion, work, sexuality, popular culture, and global processes.

01:070:230 Anthropology of Native North Americans (3) Richness and diversity of Native American cultures; major social, economic, religious, and political forms of organization; conquest, colonialism, and contemporary issues such as survival, maintenance of cultural traditions, health, and casinos.

01:070:238 Anthropology of Europe (3) European societies and cultures in modern history; changing anthropological perspectives. Gender, ethnicity, and class. Representations and realities of Europe in the making, including issues of nation-building, colonialism, mass culture, and violence.

01:070:240 Introduction to Molecular Evolutionary Anthropology (3) Demonstrates how genetic data are used in biological anthropology to address major questions of human and primate evolution, including origins, patterns of migration and dispersal, characteristics of genome organization, and evidence of molecular adaptations and selection. Prerequisites: 01:070:102 or 212.

01:070:243 Anthropology of Africa (3) Precolonial, colonial, and postcolonial African cultures and societies. Gender, ethnicity, and class. Representations and realities of Africa in a global context, including issues of development, conservation, and tourism. Popular culture and contemporary rural and urban experiences. Prerequisite: One introductory course in social science or permission of instructor. Credit not given for both this course and 01:016:337.

01:070:244 Anthropology of South Asia (3) "Traditional" South Asia, emphasizing "Hindus"; contemporary reconstructions and contestations. Sexuality, gender, family, village, caste, religion; regional and national identities; class, urban South Asia, contemporary pop culture; and the diaspora. Credit not given for both this course and 01:925:244.

01:070:246 Anthropology of Southeast Asia (3) Peoples of Indonesia, the Philippines, Malaysia, and Singapore, indigenous and immigrant. Relative gender egalitarianism in relation to various subsistence types and religious systems. Intercultural relations in multiethnic societies.

01:070:248 Anthropology of China (3) Chinese society and culture before and after 1949. Socialism and reform. Issues of gender, ethnicity, popular culture, ecology, and population. Internal diversity; China in a world context. No knowledge of Chinese required.

01:070:250 Anthropology of the Contemporary United States (3) Older characterizations and analyses of "American" culture; current constructions and contestations of U.S. national, regional, and local culture(s). Ethnographic descriptions and analyses.

01:070:291,292 Topics in Anthropology (1.5,1.5) Seven-week courses; may be taken consecutively or separately. Topics vary with semester and instructor.

01:070:293 Topics in Cultural and Linguistic Anthropology (3) Full-semester course on special topics in cultural or linguistic anthropology. Topics vary with semester and instructor.� Prerequisite: 01:070:101 or 108, or permission of instructor.

01:070:294 Topics in Evolutionary Anthropology (3) Full-semester course on special topics in evolutionary anthropology.� Topics vary with semester and instructor.�� Prerequisite: 01:070:102 or 105 or 204 or 212, or permission of instructor.

01:070:302 Culture and the Environment (3) Relationships between cultural and environmental phenomena; how the relationships are studied and explained. Readings deal with culture and environment in Asia, Africa, the Americas, Europe, and Oceania. Prerequisite: 01:070:101 or permission of instructor.

01:070:303 Wealth and Culture (3) Introduction to economic anthropology. Cultural notions of wealth in the United States, Africa, Asia, Latin America, and Europe. Anthropological perspectives on economic inequality,�individualism, rationality, moral economy, exchange, consumption, production, and globalization. Prerequisite: 01:070:101 or permission of instructor.

01:070:304 Political Anthropology (3) Comparative analysis of political systems and practices. Emergent anthropological theories of power, violence, and patterns of domination. Relation of culture to power and political practice. Politics in local and global contexts. Prerequisite: 01:070:101 or permission of instructor.

01:070:305 Anthropology of Development (3) Anthropological theories of and approaches to social, cultural, and economic development. Use of concepts such as "culture" and "social change" in construction of development paradigms and policies; role of anthropologists as practitioners, consultants, and critics in development projects; relation of "development" to lived experience of people being "developed." Prerequisite: 01:070:101 or permission of instructor.

01:070:307 Medical Anthropology (3) Cultural diversity and similarity in the interpretation of health, illness, and death. Preventive and therapeutic medicine. Premodern and modern populations. Interaction between western and other medical systems. Prerequisite: 01:070:101 or permission of instructor.

01:070:308 Anthropology of Religion (3) Cross-cultural comparison of religious concepts, roles, and practices. The analysis of religious symbolism. Sociopolitical and economic concomitants. Prerequisite: 01:070:101 or permission of instructor.

01:070:309 Visual Anthropology (3) Use of film, videotape, still photography, and painting as media of anthropological analysis. Prerequisite: 01:070:101 or permission of instructor.

01:070:310 Human Aggression (3) Roots and circumstance of human aggressive behavior. Interplay of phylogenetic and cultural variables. Relevance of ethnological and paleontological data to modern forms of personal violence and warfare. Not open to first-year students. Prerequisite: 01:070:204 or 212 or permission of instructor.

01:070:311 History of Anthropology (3) Development of contemporary professional western anthropology from 18th- and 19th-century roots to modern schools of thought. Prerequisite: 01:070:101 or permission of instructor.

01:070:312 Language and Social Diversity (3) Language and communication in social life. Class, ethnic, and sex-role differences in language use. Bilingualism and linguistic diversity studied cross-culturally. Prerequisite: 01:070:101 or permission of instructor.

01:070:317 Method and Analysis in Cultural Anthropology (3) Designing and implementing research projects: formulating problems; selecting methodologies; methods of collecting, constructing, and analyzing qualitative, quantitative, and textual data (emphasis on computer-based techniques). Training in participant-observation, census and questionnaire construction and coding, interview techniques, and narrative analysis. Prerequisite: 01:070:101 or permission of instructor.

01:070:318 Reading Ethnographic Writing (3) Exemplary fieldwork-based monographs in cultural anthropology, with an emphasis on most recent ones. Ethnography as text; ethnography as cultural description, inscription, interpretation, and criticism; ethnography as theory-laden versus ethnography as data for theorizing. Prerequisite: 01:070:101 or permission of instructor.

01:070:319 Anthropology and Human Rights (3) Anthropological perspective on human rights; explores how this idea is deployed and negotiated by nation-states, transnational bodies, and localized groups in a variety of different contexts around the world today. Prerequisite: 01:070:101 or permission of instructor.

01:070:320 Diaspora, Race, and Ethnicity in the United States (3) Theory and ethnography of recent immigrations; community, identity construction; class, race, gender, and age; local, national, and transnational factors; various case studies. Prerequisite: 01:070:101 or permission of instructor.

01:070:323 Women Writing Culture (3) How gender, power, and difference shape the writings of women ethnographers. Interpretation, analysis, authority, intellectual representation, and creativity; life experiences and ethnography. Prerequisite: 01:070:101 or permission of instructor. Credit not given for both this course and 01:988:323.

01:070:324 Globalization, Sex, and Families (3) Transnational intimacies, travel, and migration. Case studies of transnational adoption, marriage, sex work, and domestic work. Larger contexts of globalization and impact on families and sexual relations.� Prerequisite: 01:070:101 or permission of instructor. Credit not given for both this course and 01:988:337.

01:070:325 Evolution and Culture (3) Examination of current research on the relationship between evolutionary biology and culture. Topics include animal culture studies, cultural transmission theory, gene-culture coevolution, and the application of signaling theory to human cultural phenomena. Prerequisite: 01:070:204 or permission of instructor.

01:070:326 Pleistocene Hominid Adaptations (3) Cultural and biological aspects of hominid evolution during the Pleistocene. Prerequisites: 01:070:102, 105 or permission of instructor.

01:070:327 Post-Pleistocene Hominid Adaptations (3) African, Asian, and European cultural developments after the Pleistocene, including origins of farming, village life, and complex society. Prerequisite: 01:070:105 or permission of instructor.

01:070:328 Evolution and Cooperation (3) Use of evolutionary theory to study cooperation and other social behaviors in anthropology and related fields.� Topics include kin selection, reciprocity, costly signaling theory, collective action and coordination problems, and the emergence of social norms and conventions.� Prerequisite: 01:070:204.

01:070:330 Archaeology of Australia (3) Prehistory of Australia in its worldwide perspective, with special reference to Asian origins, impact of human colonization, and interpretative models based on modern aboriginal hunter-gatherer behavior.

01:070:332 North American Archaeology (3) Prehistory of North America from the appearance of humans on the continent to European discovery. Varieties of adaptation, cultural interrelationships, developmental trends. Prerequisite: 01:070:105.

01:070:333 Colonial Archaeology (3) Archaeology of post-Colombian European colonial spread worldwide, with particular reference to North America and Africa. Strong focus on practical laboratory work, specifically analysis of colonial artifacts, including ceramics, glass, pipes, and fauna. Prerequisite: 01:070:105 or 208 or permission of instructor.

01:070:334 Field Study in Archaeology (6) Supervised participation in fieldwork with instruction in excavation�methods and practice. Personnel and field project location vary from year to year. Fees: tuition, transportation to site, room and board. Prerequisite: 01:070:105; open to juniors and seniors only. Minimum of 6 to 10 weeks at field location. Course may be repeated with permission of department.

01:070:335 Analysis of Archaeological Data (3) Processing and analysis of new archaeological data from supervised�field programs; metrical, physical, and statistical analysis may be utilized on various classes of material. Prerequisites: 01:070:105, 334.

01:070:336 Primatology, Wildlife Ecology, and Conservation in Kenya (3) Overview of wildlife ecology and conservation in the tropics, with emphasis on primate behavioral ecology and studies of living primates.� Corequisite: 01:070:337. Offered only during the summer.

01:070:337 Field Methods and Analysis in Primatology in Kenya (3) Training in the methodology of tropical field biology, with emphasis on primate behavioral ecology and studies of living primates.� Corequisite: 01:070:336. Offered only during the summer.

01:070:338 Culture, Wealth, and Power in Africa (3) Cultural dimensions of wealth and power in historical and contemporary Africa. Popular culture, media, ethnicity, genocide, urban and rural life, globalization, social change, development, gender relations, political ecology, conservation, tourism, and Africa as discursive and imaginative object.�� Prerequisite: 01:070:101 or permission of instructor.

01:070:348 Primate Behavioral Ecology (3) Understanding the diversity of primate social and reproductive strategies as adaptive solutions to problems posed by foods, predators, mates, rivals, friends, and offspring.� Pre- or corequisite: 01:070:212 or permission of instructor.

01:070:349 Advanced Physical Anthropology (3) Advanced evolutionary theory. Biochemical and genetic approaches. Primate morphology and behavior. Modern theories of human variability. Prerequisite: 01:070:102 or permission of instructor.

01:070:350 Primatology and Human Evolution (3) History of primatology and paleoanthropology; how the study of nonhuman primate anatomy, social organization, culture, tool behavior, and cognition contributes to ideas about human evolution. Pre- or corequisite: 01:070:212 or 215 or permission of instructor.

01:070:354 Functional and Developmental Anatomy of the Primate Skeleton (3) Morphology and function of the human/primate skeleton, integrating developmental bone biology, functional morphology and biomechanics, and descriptive musculoskeletal anatomy. Prerequisite: 01:070:102.

01:070:355 Laboratory in Skeletal Biology of Primates (1) Examination of human skeletal and dental anatomy in comparison to closely related primates and casts of fossil hominids. Emphasis on identification of human bone fragments and teeth. Pre- or corequisite: 01:070:354.

01:070:356 Human Variation (3) History of the concept of race in the West. Physical anthropological perspective, with emphases on human variation through time and on the principles of study of modern human variability. Prerequisite: 01:070:102 or permission of instructor.

01:070:358 Introduction to Human Osteology (3) Intensive introduction to human osteology, bone biology and growth, and paleopathology. Basis for advanced work in paleoanthropology, forensic anthropology, bioarchaeology, and osteometry. Prerequisite: 01:070:102 or equivalent. Permission of instructor required. Corequisite: 01:070:359.

01:070:359 Human Osteology Laboratory (3) Accompanies 01:070:358. Intensive practical training in osteology lab identification and analysis techniques. Prerequisite: 01:070:102 or equivalent. Permission of instructor required. Corequisite: 01:070:358.

01:070:361 Hunters and Gatherers (3) Consideration of data from aboriginal Australia, the Southern African bushmen, and elsewhere, in light of social theory, including�gender studies. Prerequisite: 01:070:101 or permission of instructor.

01:070:364 Sex Roles and Social Structure (3) Sexual differences in primates; implications for social, economic, and political relationships in contemporary society. Cross-cultural comparison. Adaptive and maladaptive features of sociosexual patterns. Prerequisite: 01:070:102 or permission of instructor.

01:070:365 Law, Justice, and Rights in Bolivia (3) Field course in Cochabamba, Bolivia.� Topics related to the practices and realities of the Bolivian justice system, from the perspectives of those who create, manage, and work in the system or are affected by it. Corequisite: 01:070:366. Offered only during the summer. Credit not given for both this course and 01:590:365.

01:070:366 Research Practicum in Law, Justice, and Rights in Bolivia (3) Field course in Cochabamba, Bolivia. Students provided with the tools to conduct independent anthropological field research in a local community, while engaging with that community on a personal, daily level.� Corequisite: 01:070:365. Offered only during the summer. Credit not given for both this course and 01:590:366.

01:070:367 Anthropology Goes to the Movies (3) Role of film in ethnographic representation and ethnographic representation in popular film. Relationship of anthropology to the construction of popular film and of popular film to the construction of culture. Prerequisite: 01:070:101 or permission of instructor.

01:070:368 Anthropology of Mass Media (3) Mass media and culture. The impact of mass media on the production and consumption of cultural identities. Inquiry into representations of gender, sexuality, the body, ethnicity, race, and nationhood in mass media discourse. The mass media in a postcolonial, global, and transnational context. Prerequisite: 01:070:101 or permission of instructor.

01:070:369 The Cultural Politics of Nazism (3) Intertwining of political ideology and culture as reflected in the extremism of Nazi cultural politics. Topics include nationalism; race, gender, sexual and body politics; ideology and mass media; culture and identity; consumerism and violence; reproductive technologies and the new eugenics. Prerequisite: 01:070:101 or permission of instructor.

01:070:371 The Politics of Culture (3) Politics of cultural processes. Race, gender, ethnicity, and sexuality in representations. Theories of cultural production, domination, distribution, and consumption. Resistance and nonmainstream culture; ethnographic examples of ideology, economy, and global cultural flows. Prerequisite: 01:070:101 or permission of instructor.

01:070:372 Body Politics (3) Body in history and society. Comparative approaches to cultural construction of bodies. Impact of gender, sexuality, ethnonational, racial, and class differences on body practices. Formation of normative discourses on the body in medical science, consumer culture, and mass media. Prerequisite: 01:070:101 or permission of instructor. Recommended: an additional course in cultural anthropology.

01:070:374 Localities and Global Systems (3) Interaction of transnational and local processes through case studies and theory. Political economy, world systems, and cultural imperialism. Global culture and media. Intercultural representation and stereotyping. Diaspora, transnational movements, and nation-state. Prerequisite: 01:070:101 or permission of instructor. Recommended: an additional course in cultural anthropology.

01:070:376 Power and Difference (3) Emergent theories of inequality. Social constructions of difference. Topics challenging conventional notions of cultural anthropology--identity, representation, discrimination, exclusion, marginalization, contestation, and resistance. Prerequisite: 1:070:101 or permission of instructor. Recommended: two additional courses in cultural anthropology. Intended for majors.

01:070:378 The Anthropology of Gender (3) Gender as an analytic category; exchange, production, reproduction, binarism, representation. Intersections of gender with class, race, and ethnicity. Theoretical and ethnographic readings. Prerequisite: 01:070:101 or permission of instructor. Credit not given for both this course and 01:016:379 or 01:988:378.

01:070:379 Gender and Power in Africa (3) Experiences and expressions of gender in historical and contemporary Africa emphasizing issues of diversity and commonality, modalities of power, and articulation with other forms of difference, such as ethnicity, class, and nationality. Prerequisite: 01:070:101 or permission of instructor. Credit not given for both this course and 01:988:379.

01:070:380 Culture, Memory, History (3) Anthropological approaches to history and memory. Theory, method; comparative study of remembering, forgetting, commemorating, narrating, ritualizing, and structuring time. Early, contemporary scholarship; political economy, identity, authority, representation in shaping cultural memory, and historical constructions. Prerequisite: 01:070:101 or permission of instructor.

01:070:383 Engaged Anthropology (4) Anthropological research practice that is both academically rigorous and socially concerned.� Impacts, ethical dilemmas, political implications, and creative possibilities of anthropology beyond the academy.

01:070:389 Ethnography of Gender in South Asia (3) An explanation of gendered practices in South Asia. Ethnographies from Hindu, Buddhist, and Muslim communities explore the various aspects of gender in particular South Asian contexts. Prerequisite: 01:070:101 or 244. Credit not given for both this course and 01:925:389 or 01:988:389.

01:070:390 Plio-Pleistocene Hominid Anatomy (3) Human fossil record during Plio-Pleistocene; taxonomy, phylogenetics, and functional morphology. Origins of Hominidae, diversity in Australopithecus and Paranthropus, rise of Homo and of Homo sapiens. Castes and published reports; methods of inference. Prerequisites: 01:070:102 and 01:070:358, 359, or permission of instructor.

01:070:391 Lithic Analysis in Archaeology (3) Archaeological study of how stone tools were made and used. Consideration of manufacturing technology, use and wear, experimental replication, and their implications for archaeological interpretation. Prerequisite: 01:070:105.

01:070:392 Faunal Analysis in Archaeology (3) Identification of animal bones, teeth, and other faunal remains in archaeological contexts. Quantifying number of individuals and skeletal elements; butchery techniques and bone modification and their implications for archaeological interpretation. Prerequisite: 01:070:105.

01:070:393 Cultural Resource Management (3) Legal, administrative, executive, and practical aspects of the theory and practice of cultural resource management, with emphasis on archaeological resources. One field trip. Prerequisite: 01:070:105.

01:070:394 Microstratigraphic Analysis in Archaeology (3) Field and laboratory studies of geological context in archaeological sites. Data collection and sampling, sediment analysis, and reporting.�Interpretation of depositional and postdepositional features. Recommended: 01:460:340 (may be concurrently enrolled). Credit not given for both this course and 01:460:394.

01:070:395 Quantification of Archaeological Data (3) Data analysis, coding schemes, data management, and the application of statistical techniques to problems in archaeology. Emphasis on creating, maintaining, and using computer files of archaeological data. Prerequisite: 01:070:105.

01:070:397 Paleoanthropology (4) One of two courses constituting the Koobi Fora Field School. Hands-on introductory training in all of the major disciplines within paleoanthropology: vertebrate paleontology, archaeology, geology, taphonomy, and ecology.� Corequisite: 01:070:398. Offered only during the summer.

01:070:398 Field Research and Methods in Paleoanthropology (4) One of two courses constituting the Koobi Fora Field School. Instruction on archaeological, geological, and paleontological field methods, including the theory and practices associated with taphonomy, actualistic archaeology, and ethnoarchaeology.� Corequisite: 01:070:397. Offered only during the summer.

01:070:401 Theories in Cultural Anthropology (3) Analysis and comparison of the major contemporary theoretical approaches in cultural anthropology. Prerequisite: 6 credits in anthropology or permission of instructor.

01:070:402 Theories in Physical Anthropology (3) Intensive study of major figures in physical anthropological thought. Origins and spread of new ideas; methods of study of humans and nonhuman primates. Prerequisite: 01:070:102 or 204 or permission of instructor.

01:070:404 Advanced Seminar in Archaeology (3) Selected topics and problems in archaeology. Prerequisite: 01:070:105. Open only to juniors and seniors.

01:070:406 Rights and Wrongs of Indigenous Peoples (3) History, agendas, and local-global dynamics of indigenous peoples and the indigenous rights movement in several regions of the world. Prerequisites: 01:070:101 and 6 credits in anthropology or permission of instructor.

01:070:410 Explanation in Anthropology (3) Analysis of anthropologists' explanations, with consideration of such topics as the explanatory use of generalizations, models, narratives, culture-specific categories, and causal, functionalist, and essentialist claims. Prerequisites: 6 credits in anthropology or permission of instructor.

01:070:412 Topics in African Prehistory and Paleoanthropology (3) Focused consideration of current research and explanatory theory, on topics ranging from hominid origins to Holocene adaptations in Africa. Prerequisite: 01:070:326 or 327 or permission of instructor.

01:070:414 Topics in European Prehistory and Paleoanthropology (3) Focused consideration of current research and explanatory theory, on topics ranging from initial human colonization of Europe to Holocene adaptations in Europe. Prerequisite: 01:070:326 or 327 or permission of instructor.

01:070:420 Evolutionary Genetics: Humans and Other Primates (3) Analysis of molecular evolution of human and primate genomes, genetic and phenotypic evolution, the genetic basis of being human, and primate phylogeny. Prerequisites: 01:447:380 and 01:070:102 or 212 or permission of instructor. Credit not given for both this course and 01:447:420.

01:070:426 South African Archaeology (3) Archaeology, ecology, and historical archaeology of South Africa. Covers two million years, early hominids to colonial contact. Prerequisite: 01:070:102 or 105 or permission of instructor.

01:070:486 Gender, Development, Environment: Policies, Politics, Perspectives (3) Using ethnography and gender as a category of analysis, examines the experiences and implications of transnational development and environmental policies in specific localities. Prerequisites: 6 credits in anthropology or permission of instructor. Credit not given for both this course and 01:988:486.

01:070:495,496 Independent Study in Anthropology (BA,BA) Supervised study or research on selected anthropological topics. Prerequisite: Permission of instructor.

01:070:497,498 Honors in Anthropology (3,3) Two-semester supervised project, usually resulting in a thesis, for qualified seniors. Prerequisites: Senior standing and acceptance into departmental honors program.