16:070:502Proseminar in Anthropology II (3) Basic overview of the central concepts, theories, resources, and methods fundamental to cultural anthropology, human ecology, physical anthropology, and archaeology.

16:070:503Social/Cultural Anthropology (3) Social anthropology past and present; kinds of explanation, ethnoscience, methods and fieldwork, new directions, process, transaction and symbolic interaction, modern role theory, and networks.

16:070:504Social Organization (3) Examination of problems in social structure and organization with special reference to descent and alliance theory, kinship semantics and formal analysis, and evolution of social systems.

16:070:505History of Anthropological Theory (3) Origin and development of anthropology; surveying the central ideas of major figures from the 17th century to the present.

16:070:506Research Design and Methods in Social/Cultural Anthropology (3) Survey and critical evaluation of methods in current anthropology, using original research as data.

16:070:508Evolutionary Theory and Processes (3) Natural selection, adaptation, evolutionary genetics, speciation, extinction, adaptive radiation, and macroevolution with special emphasis on human and nonhuman primate evolution.

16:070:509Kinship in Nature and Culture (3) Examination of the anthropological orthodoxy that kinship systems are a property of culture and hence of human society; systematic examination of the role of kinship in the lives of other species, particularly the higher primates. The adaptational significance of human innovations.

16:070:510Social Implications of Gender Differences (3) Consideration of the results of the interaction between the biological fact of gender differences and the varieties of cultural response to and interpretation of these differences.

16:070:511Anthropology of Gender (3) Uses recent ethnographic and ethnological studies of women to appraise such anthropological assumptions as the homogeneity of simple societies, the harmony and stability of large or small societies, the primacy of the family, and the validity of ethnographic data.

16:070:512Cognitive Anthropology (3) Theoretical and methodological issues in the study of culture and cognition.

16:070:513Language Development (3) Animal communication; theories of the origin of language; biological basis of language. Cross-cultural comparison of language development in children and language universals.

16:070:514Language as Social Action (3) Cultural implications of language and its use. Relations between language and culture, language and cognition, language and social group.

16:070:516Sexuality in a Cross-Cultural Perspective (3) Ethnographic issues in study of sexuality; major approaches; construction of sexuality, eroticism, and gender in wide range of cultures; relation of erotic culture to wider social order, history.

16:070:517Psychological Anthropology (3) Study of interrelations among personality and culture and social structure. Emphasis on the comparative perspective.

16:070:518Corporate and Personal Violence (3) Analysis of aggression and violence as features of individual and group behavior. Biological, evolutionary, sociological, and philosophical approaches.

16:070:519Political Organization (3) Explorations of political organization of human societies at all stages of sociocultural development, beginning with hunter- gatherers and concluding with modern industrial state systems.

16:070:520Analysis of State Systems (3) The anthropological approach to the analysis of nation-states with special reference to boundary mechanisms, value systems, and the political control of everyday activities.

16:070:521Anthropology of Industrial Society (3) Effects of the industrial system on kinship behavior, socialization of the young, the use of time, ethnicity and kinship interests, and "alienation." Limited, focused research project by the student.

16:070:522Anthropology of Religion (3) Religion in the known cultures of the world, with special attention to ritual and myth. Detailed examination of particular ethnographic sources. The link between religious universals and theories of human nature.

16:070:523Culture and Aging (3) Human aging in life course perspective. Focus on cross-cultural and intracultural diversity.

16:070:524,525World Ethnographic Areas I,II (3,3) Study of selected ethnographic areas such as Africa, Southeast Asia, India, or North America; cross-cultural analysis within an area. General theoretical and methodological issues as well as those unique to the particular area.

16:070:526Urban Ethnography (3) Classic and contemporary urban ethnographies of the United States and elsewhere. Urban methods, construction of "the field," and epistemological concerns. Modernity and global cities. Space, race, and class. Representations of urbanism.

16:070:527(F) The Ethnology of Inequality: Race, Class, and Ethnicity (3) Survey of anthropological literature on the relationships among race, class, and ethnicity. Ethnographic methods and the comparative approach to the study of hegemony, resistance, and conflict among groups defined as "racial" or "ethnic."

16:070:528Explanation in Anthropology (3) Analysis of modes of explanation used in anthropological studies, with consideration of such issues as holism versus individualism; essentialism versus nominalism; action explanations and other explanations; generalization and particularism; and the problem of other cultures and other periods.

16:070:529Racialization, Immigration, and the Politics of Citizenship (3) Relationship of citizenship to processes of racial formation in modern nation states. Topics include national histories of citizenship; (im)migration and globalization; regimes of difference; citizen- subjects; education; patriotism; multiculturalism; language politics.

16:070:530Problems in Social Anthropology (3) For graduate students wishing to pursue advanced work supplementary to that provided in formal courses. Program of reading and conferences arranged by professor in charge.

16:070:531Problems in Comparative Analysis (3) For graduate students wishing to pursue advanced work in areas not provided for in formal courses. Conferences, reading, and empirical work arranged in consultation with the professor in charge.

16:070:532Problems in Ethnography (3) For graduate students wishing to pursue advanced work in areas not provided for in formal courses. Conferences, reading, and empirical work arranged in consultation with the professor in charge.

16:070:543Ecological Anthropology (3) The ecological approach in anthropology. Consideration of theory, method, and data analysis in ecological studies.

16:070:544Environmental Anthropology in a Changing World (3) Methods for the analysis of current socioeconomic, health, and environmental problems involving interactions between people and their environment.

16:070:545Anthropology of Development (3) Economic development and social change in third-world and advanced industrial societies. Theories of social change applied to areas such as education, urban planning, and social welfare.

16:070:546Medical Anthropology (3) Examination of sociocultural factors influencing health and illness and the impact of social and cultural changes on disease patterns and health care systems. Includes ethnographic studies of systems of illness causation, prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.

16:070:547Participatory Planning in Applied Anthropology (3) Role of applied anthropology in facilitating broad public participation in development projects and other kinds of change initiatives; ethics and professional practice.

16:070:548Transnationalism and Globalization (3) Global flows and structures, modernity, colonialism, postcoloniality, global capitalism, development, political activism, diaspora, migration, nationalism and citizenship, race and sexuality, transnational culture and media, reconfigurations of space, territory and locality.

16:070:549Culture and Capitalism (3) Explores historical and contemporary efforts to analyze the relationship between culture and capitalism. Relevant theories and critical readings of current ethnographies. Topics include commoditization, modernity, colonialism, postcoloniality, production and reproduction, and social differences.

16:070:550Economic Anthropology (3) Survey of theories and methods in economic anthropology.

16:070:551Maritime Anthropology (3) An advanced course in sociocultural, economic, and ecological anthropology focused on the study of fishing and other maritime communities and problems concerning human relationships to natural resources. Prerequisite: Course in anthropological theory.

16:070:552Seminar in Ecological Anthropology (3) Interrelations of ecological and socioeconomic changes as an interdisciplinary problem area.

16:070:553Problems in Human Ecology I (3) For graduate students wishing to pursue advanced work in areas not provided for in formal courses. Conferences, reading, and laboratory work arranged in consultation with the professor in charge.

16:070:554Problems in Human Ecology II (3) For graduate students wishing to pursue advanced work in areas not provided for in formal courses. Conferences, reading, and laboratory work arranged in consultation with the professor in charge.

16:070:558Evolution of the Hominidae (3) The fossil Old-World higher primates; the Miocene fossil apes; problems of when, where, and why hominids first appeared; the australopithecines of Plio/Pleistocene Africa; early genus Homo; Homo erectus; Neanderthals; the appearance of anatomically modern man; Paleolithic cultures.

16:070:559Evolution of Behavior (3) Consideration of human and primate behavior from an evolutionary perspective. Topics include aggression, territorial behavior, sexuality and mating systems, socialization, and sex roles in primate society.

16:070:560Natural Selection and Social Theory (3) Recent papers on key topics in social evolution, such as female choice, symmetry, parasites, virulence, kinship, homosexuality, reciprocal altruism, and self-deception. Special emphasis on human data.

16:070:563The Biology of Social Bonds (3) The dynamics of basic social bonds, such as the mother-child bond, the mating bond, the bond between older and younger males, and the sibling bond, analyzed in terms of their evolution and of their significance for micro and macro social structures.

16:070:564Problems in the Biology of Social Relations (3) The place of biology in the social sciences, relevance of the comparative sociology of animal societies; the phylogeny of behavior; special problems of aggression, territory, sexual and parental relationships, and language.

16:070:566Human Osteology (3) Examination of primate morphology, with emphasis on the evolution of human morphological adaptations. Lec. 2 hrs., lab. 1 hr.

16:070:567Human Variation (3) Variation in body size, shape. Structural morphology, pigmentation, and biochemistry among living humans; climatic adaptation, disease, and human evolution; population origins through migration or local continuity through evolutionary time.

16:070:568Primate Ecology and Social Behavior (3) Behavior of the nonhuman primates, emphasizing the relationship between ecology and social organization; the structure of social groups; and the development of behavior.

16:070:569Sexual Differences and Sexual Selection in Primates (3) Methods, findings, theoretical developments of sexual selection studies in primates. Evolution of sex differences in behavior, sexuality, and morphology. Focus on primates in the comparative framework of studies of other organisms.

16:070:570Hominid Taxonomy and Systematics (3) Implications of the existence of sympatric species; limits to similarity imposed by the coexistence of competing species; controversies surrounding the establishment of taxa; phylogenetic reconstructions.

16:070:571Primate Evolution and Radiations (3) Exploration of primate history in terms of evolutionary radiations. Emphasis on entrance to and radiation within new adaptive zones and the change of these zones through time, using morphological and paleoecological information.

16:070:572Biology of Human Behavior (3) Current uses and philosophical-historical bases of biological explanations of human behavior in social sciences. Role of animal behavior, cross-cultural, and genetic-neurohormonal data in the analysis of human social behavior.

16:070:573Problems in Biological Anthropology (3) For graduate students wishing to pursue advanced work in areas not provided for in formal courses. Conferences, reading, and laboratory work arranged in consultation with the professor in charge.

16:070:574Methods in Field Primatology (3) Current techniques for quantifying and sampling behavior in the field; specialized subjects include habitat description, phenology, audio recording, experimental design (playbacks), capture/immobilization, hormonal and DNA sampling, GPS/GIS, equipment.

16:070:578Old World Prehistory (3) Key data and current interpretive models concerning the archaeology of hominid adaptations from earliest times through the Neolithic in the Old World.

16:070:579New World Prehistory (3) Key data and current interpretive models concerning the form, stability, and change of cultures throughout the pre-Columbian New World.

16:070:580Research Methods and Theory in Archaeology (3) Conceptual bases and assumptions used in the formulation of research designs and the interpretation of research results; examination of fieldwork problems and techniques, with emphasis on the problems of observation, use of documentary sources, surveying and excavation, and use of quantitative data.

16:070:581Historical Development of Archaeology (3) Origins of classical and Near Eastern archaeology in Greek and Roman philosophy, and developments from the revival of classical learning in the Renaissance. Development of prehistoric archaeology and New World archaeology as a subfield of general anthropology.

16:070:582Paleoecology and Archaeology (3) Methods of environmental reconstruction. Emphasis on the evolution of subsistence economies, with special attention to the origins of animal and plant domestication.

16:070:583Origins of Agriculture (3) Archaeological, zoological, botanical, geographical, and ethno-graphic data relating to ancient and modern hunter-gatherers and farmers used to compare and contrast their demography, material culture, and economy, so that the origins of settled life can be seen.

16:070:584The Built Environment (3) Anthropological principles applied to the planning process in contemporary society. Emphasis on political, environmental, technological, and biological planned change. Prerequisite: One year of graduate work in anthropology.

16:070:585,586Problems in Archaeology (3,3) For graduate students wishing to pursue advanced work in areas not provided for in formal courses. Conferences, reading, and laboratory work arranged in consultation with the professor in charge.

16:070:587Field Study in Archaeology (3) Supervised participation in fieldwork with instruction in excavation methods and practices. Personnel and field project location vary from year to year. Fees: tuition, transportation to site, and room and board. Minimum of 6 to 10 weeks at field location. Course may be repeated with permission of program director.

16:070:602Seminar in Social Theory (3) The intellectual history and philosophy of social science; exploration of the origins of the social and behavioral sciences in the western humanistic tradition. Prerequisite: 18 credits in graduate social science courses or permission of instructor.

16:070:626Visual Anthropology (3) Study, use, and production of anthropological and ethnographic photographs, films, and videos for research and communication; study of human behavior through visual media.

16:070:701,702Research in Anthropology (BA,BA)